While the benefits of connectivity are well documented, actual access, together with the desired bandwidth and data for mobile devices, is restricted by a diverse set of factors. They range in scale from personal (an individual’s ability to pay for service) to infrastructure (insufficient reach and bandwidth, and regulatory constrictions). A complex network of industry players has built the infrastructure to enable wide- spread access as well as the required bandwidth. At the core of this network sit mobile carriers, or Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), that typically own the end-consumer relationship for businesses and individuals. 9